3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug in the amphetamine classes of drugs with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. Under the DSM-5, it is officially classified as a hallucinogen.
Indications
MDMA is most famously known as a recreational drug, but is now being investigated for use in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
The serotonin receptor action is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects.
MDMA also has actions on dopamine and norepinephrine (NE) release (NE is thought to have effects on the cardiovascular system).
Effects
Desired effects include increased empathy, euphoria, and heightened sensations. When taken by mouth, effects begin after 30–45 minutes and last 3–6 hours.
MDMA intoxication: hallucinogenic stimulant: euphoria, hallucinations, disinhibition, hyperactivity, increased thirst, bruxism, distorted sensory and time perception.
Life-threatening effects include hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyponatremia, serotonin syndrome.
Fatal hyperthermia can be a consequence from MDMA use in rare cases.[1]
MDMA withdrawal: depression, fatigue, change in appetite, difficulty concentrating, anxiety.