- Last edited on April 15, 2024
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child:adhd [on April 15, 2024] psychdb [Pharmacotherapy: Side Effects and Adverse Events] |
child:adhd [on April 15, 2024] psychdb [Pharmacotherapy: Outcomes] |
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| There remains a paradox and debate about why individuals on long-term treatment on stimulants did not fare better than those who did not. Furthermore, the [[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/archive/news/2009/short-term-intensive-treatment-not-likely-to-improve-long-term-outcomes-for-children-with-adhd|NIMH MTA website]] and [[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mtaquestions-and-answers|MTA FAQ]] also acknowledges the modest benefits of long-term treatment. Other population studies have also suggested this finding as well.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815037/|Currie, J., Stabile, M., & Jones, L. (2014). Do stimulant medications improve educational and behavioural outcomes for children with ADHD?. Journal of health economics, 37, 58-69.]])] Finally, at the 16-year follow up of the MTA study, ongoing medication was not associated with reduction of symptom severity, and additionally was associated with height loss of approximately 1-inch.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168061/|Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Molina, B. S., Sibley, M. H., Hechtman, L. T., Hinshaw, S. P., ... & Stern, K. (2017). Young adult outcomes in the follow‐up of the multimodal treatment study of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Symptom persistence, source discrepancy, and height suppression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(6), 663-678.]])] | There remains a paradox and debate about why individuals on long-term treatment on stimulants did not fare better than those who did not. Furthermore, the [[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/archive/news/2009/short-term-intensive-treatment-not-likely-to-improve-long-term-outcomes-for-children-with-adhd|NIMH MTA website]] and [[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mtaquestions-and-answers|MTA FAQ]] also acknowledges the modest benefits of long-term treatment. Other population studies have also suggested this finding as well.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815037/|Currie, J., Stabile, M., & Jones, L. (2014). Do stimulant medications improve educational and behavioural outcomes for children with ADHD?. Journal of health economics, 37, 58-69.]])] Finally, at the 16-year follow up of the MTA study, ongoing medication was not associated with reduction of symptom severity, and additionally was associated with height loss of approximately 1-inch.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6168061/|Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Molina, B. S., Sibley, M. H., Hechtman, L. T., Hinshaw, S. P., ... & Stern, K. (2017). Young adult outcomes in the follow‐up of the multimodal treatment study of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Symptom persistence, source discrepancy, and height suppression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(6), 663-678.]])] | ||
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| + | * ADHD medications have been shown in population registry studies to be //associated// with reduced mortality from unnatural causes, motor vehicle crashes, and possibly substance use disorders.[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38470385/|Li, L., Zhu, N., Zhang, L., Kuja-Halkola, R., D’Onofrio, B. M., Brikell, I., ... & Chang, Z. (2024). ADHD Pharmacotherapy and Mortality in Individuals With ADHD. JAMA, 331(10), 850-860.]])] | ||
| + | * Other analyses using more robust data from the MTA study have shown no difference in the impact on substance use disorder risk.[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37405756/|Molina, B. S., Kennedy, T. M., Howard, A. L., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Mitchell, J. T., ... & Vitiello, B. (2023). Association between stimulant treatment and substance use through adolescence into early adulthood. JAMA psychiatry, 80(9), 933-941.]])] | ||
| + | * Long-term exposure to ADHD medications, in particular stimulant medications is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, specifically hypertension and arterial disease. | ||
| ==== Other Treatments ==== | ==== Other Treatments ==== | ||
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