https://www.psychdb.com/ 2026-07-18T01:16:56-0700 https://www.psychdb.com/ https://www.psychdb.com/lib/tpl/bootstrap3/images/favicon.ico text/html 2023-11-23T13:26:02-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/0-catatonia?rev=1700774762&do=diff Catatonia Primer Catatonia is a severe heterogeneous neuropsychiatric and medical syndrome with motor and/or behavioural signs. At times, it can be life-threatening, especially in its malignant form when complicated by fever and autonomic disturbances. Catatonia is not just a psychiatric syndrome and can accompany both psychiatric and medical illnesses. text/html 2024-02-01T17:37:11-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/1-delirium?rev=1706837831&do=diff Delirium Primer Delirium is a serious neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by an acute confusional state with global impairments in attention and cognition.Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2009). Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nature reviews neurology, 5(4), 210. Delirium is often associated with a disturbance in the sleep-wake cycle, including daytime sleepiness, nighttime agitation, insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or wakefulness throughout t… text/html 2023-10-27T00:14:22-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/2-major-neurocog-disorder?rev=1698390862&do=diff Major Neurocognitive Disorder Primer Major neurocognitive disorder (and mild neurocognitive disorder) exists on a spectrum of cognitive and functional impairment. The term major neurocognitive disorder corresponds to the condition referred to what was previously referred to in the DSM-IV as text/html 2024-01-02T16:53:31-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/3-mild-neurocog-disorder?rev=1704243211&do=diff Mild Neurocognitive Disorder / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Primer Mild Neurocognitive Disorder (also known as Mild Cognitive Impairment, or MCI) is a condition in which individuals demonstrate cognitive impairment with minimal impairment of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Although it can be the first cognitive sign of text/html 2021-03-29T15:04:32-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/4-neurocog-disorder-due-to-medical?rev=1617055472&do=diff Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Primer Medical conditions can cause major or mild neurocognitive disorders. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria Criterion A The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder. Criterion B There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the neurocognitive disorder is the pathophysiological consequence of another medical condition. text/html 2023-10-27T00:07:31-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/cryptococcal-meningitis?rev=1698390451&do=diff Cryptococcal Meningitis Primer Cryptococcal Meningitis is meningeal infection that commonly affects patients with HIV but can also occur in patients who are immunosuppressed by other means. Individuals who are not immunocompromised can also develop this infection. text/html 2021-10-28T02:53:02-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/epilepsy?rev=1635414782&do=diff Epilepsy Primer Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures characterized by anywhere from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking. Epilepsy has significant psychiatric implications, in particular with psychosis. text/html 2020-07-23T23:30:01-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hepatic-encephalopathy?rev=1595572201&do=diff Hepatic Encephalopathy Primer Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or Portosystemic Encephalopathy (PSE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can develop in patients with liver disease. Symptoms Cognitive impairment, altered level of consciousness, ataxia. text/html 2021-02-24T07:07:45-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hiv?rev=1614179265&do=diff Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Primer Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes HIV infection in humans, and over time develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS leads to progressive failure of the immune system and life-threatening opportunistic infections/cancers. HIV has numerous neuropsychiatric considerations, which are detailed below. text/html 2024-01-11T22:34:47-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/home?rev=1705041287&do=diff Medical Psychiatry Primer Medical Psychiatry (also known as Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry) is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the psychiatric manifestations of medical and neurologic disorders, especially in acute medical settings.<ul id="frontpage "style="column-width:20em; -webkit-column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; column-count: 1;" class="catlist_columns catlist-nslist" ><ul id="frontpage"><li class="catlist-head"><div class="entity-list-item"><span c… text/html 2021-09-28T13:01:20-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/huntingtons-disease?rev=1632859280&do=diff Huntington's Disease (HD) Primer Huntington's Disease (HD) is a hereditary, neurodegenerative illness characterized by a triad of symptoms including motor disturbance, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. It is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat (CAG) mutation in the coding region of the text/html 2023-02-19T16:29:12-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hypercalcemia-hyperparathyroidism?rev=1676852952&do=diff Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism Primer Hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism are frequently under-diagnosed in psychiatric practice and there are recommendations that calcium levels should be monitored in patients on long‐term treatment.Shapiro, H. I., & Davis, K. A. (2014). Hypercalcemia and “primary” hyperparathyroidism during lithium therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(1), 12-15. Like with other electrolyte and fluid imbalances (see: text/html 2021-01-28T22:35:16-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hypocalcemia?rev=1611902116&do=diff Hypocalcemia Primer Hypocalcaemia is low serum calcium levels. Like with other electrolyte and fluid imbalances (see also: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia),Webb Jr, W. L., & Gehi, M. (1981). Electrolyte and fluid imbalance: neuropsychiatric manifestations. Psychosomatics, 22(3), 199-203. hypocalcemia can cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. Comparison Hypo (Low Concentration) text/html 2021-01-29T19:08:37-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hypokalemia?rev=1611976117&do=diff Hypokalemia Primer Hypokalemia is an electrolyte disturbance of low serum postassium. Like with other electrolyte and fluid imbalances (see also: hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia),Webb Jr, W. L., & Gehi, M. (1981). Electrolyte and fluid imbalance: neuropsychiatric manifestations. Psychosomatics, 22(3), 199-203. hypokalemia can cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric * Hong, E. (2016). Hypokalemia and Psychosis: A Forgotten Association. American Journal of… text/html 2022-01-28T11:07:17-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hypomagnesemia?rev=1643396837&do=diff Hypomagnesemia Primer Hypomagnesemia is an electrolyte disturbance with low levels of serum magnesium. Normal magnesium levels are between 1.46–2.68 mg/dL (0.6-1.1 mmol/L) with levels less than 1.46 mg/dL (0.6 mmol/L) defining hypomagnesemia. Like with other electrolyte and fluid imbalances (see also: text/html 2021-12-27T16:02:08-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/hyponatremia?rev=1640649728&do=diff Hyponatremia Primer Hyponatremia is an electrolyte disturbance of low serum sodium that can result in neuropsychiatric symptoms. In psychiatric patients, the cause of hyponatremia is most commonly secondary to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) from psychotropics medications including text/html 2024-09-03T02:29:46-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/kleine-levin-syndrome?rev=1725355786&do=diff Kleine–Levin Syndrome (KLS) Primer Kleine–Levin Syndrome (KLS) is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia, hyperphagia, cognitive impairment, and mood changes. Individuals can also experience hypersexuality, personality changes, and behavioural changes. text/html 2021-01-18T18:52:09-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/kluver-bucy-syndrome?rev=1611024729&do=diff Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) Primer Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by lesions of the bilateral temporal lobes, in particular with lesion of the hippocampus and amygdala. KBS is characterized by hyperorality, sexual hyperactivity, changes in dietary behavior, hypermetamorphosis, visual agnosia, and placidity. text/html 2020-10-02T02:01:11-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/lyme-disease?rev=1601629271&do=diff Lyme Disease Primer Resources Articles * The Atlantic: Lyme Disease Is Baffling, Even to Experts text/html 2021-12-05T20:52:51-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/moyamoya-disease?rev=1638766371&do=diff Moyamoya Disease Primer Moyamoya Disease (Japanese: “puff of smoke”) is a cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive unilateral or bilateral stenosis of the distal internal carotid arteries (often extending to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries). Up to a quarter of patients may present with heterogenous psychiatric symptoms that may be misdiagnosed as a behavioural (especially in children), mood, or psychotic disorder. The etiology of Moyamoya is unknown. text/html 2021-12-29T15:59:47-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/multiple-sclerosis?rev=1640822387&do=diff Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Primer Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, and associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms including depression. Epidemiology * MS affects more than 2 million people worldwide text/html 2020-09-07T21:26:41-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/myocardial-infarction?rev=1599539201&do=diff Myocardial Infarction (MI) Primer A myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. Depression Sertraline has been shown to be effective in post-MI depression. text/html 2020-09-07T11:52:26-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/neurosyphilis?rev=1599504746&do=diff Neurosyphilis Primer Neurosyphilis is the infection of the central nervous system in a patient with syphilis that can occur during any stage of the infection. Neurosyphilis can present with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms that are non-specific and can resemble many neurologic and psychiatric disorders (hence its historical name text/html 2021-01-28T21:35:19-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/niemann-pick-type-c?rev=1611898519&do=diff Niemann-Pick Type C Disease (NPC) Primer Niemann-Pick Type C Disease (NPC) is a rare, neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease, with an extremely heterogeneous clinical presentation. NPC may initially present in adulthood with psychosis, and when psychosis is associated with a vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, various dyskinesias, and seizures, NPC should be suspected. text/html 2023-06-01T18:17:23-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/paraneoplastic-disorders?rev=1685668643&do=diff Psychiatric Manifestations of Paraneoplastic Disorders Primer Paraneoplastic disorders can lead to severe psychiatric and behavioural symptoms. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE) is a rare neurological syndrome associated with cancer, and selectively affects limbic system structures, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala. text/html 2021-05-13T19:53:04-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/porphyria?rev=1620960784&do=diff Porphyria Primer The porphyrias are a group of inherited disorders characterized by an enzyme deficiency in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Porphyrias can present with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and can be misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder (e.g. - anxiety disorders or psychotic disorders). text/html 2022-02-07T16:47:17-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/psychiatric-side-effects-of-medications?rev=1644281237&do=diff Psychiatric Side Effects of Medications and Substances Primer Medications and recreational substances can sometimes induce psychiatric syndromes, including depression, anxiety, mania/hypomania, sleep, and cognitive impairment. Thus, it is important to ensure that these iatrogenic effects are not mistaken for a text/html 2021-05-13T12:31:52-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/systemic-lupus-erythematosus?rev=1620934312&do=diff Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Primer Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) can prevent with significant neuropsychiatric symptoms include depression and psychosis.Popescu, A., & H Kao, A. (2011). Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Current neuropharmacology, 9(3), 449-457. Review of Symptoms A comprehensive review of systems should be done, including asking about rashes, skin changes other than acne, ulcers, joint pain, joint swelling, hair loss, dry eyes, dry mouth, muscle pain… text/html 2023-07-18T23:11:34-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/tbi?rev=1689747094&do=diff Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Primer Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an intracranial injury that occurs when an external force injures the brain. When clinically significant, the DSM-5 diagnoses are major neurocognitive disorder or mild neurocognitive disorder due to Traumatic Brain Injury.Wortzel, H. S., & Arciniegas, D. B. (2014). The DSM-5 approach to the evaluation of traumatic brain injury and its neuropsychiatric sequelae. NeuroRehabilitation, 34(4), 613-623. Epidemiology text/html 2021-12-14T19:05:00-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/thyroid-disorders?rev=1639537500&do=diff Thyroid Disorders and Diseases Primer Thyroid Disorders and Diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the thyroid gland. <ul id="frontpage "style="column-width:20em; -webkit-column-count: 1; -moz-column-count: 1; column-count: 1;" class="catlist_columns catlist-nslist" ><ul id="frontpage"><li class="catlist-head"><div class="entity-list-item"><span class="fa-stack fa-sm"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-circle fa-stack-2x"></i><i class="fa fa-fw fa-book fa-inverse fa-stack-1… text/html 2023-08-22T17:52:48-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/vitamin-b12-cyanocobalamin-deficiency?rev=1692751968&do=diff Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Primer Vitamin B12 (also referred to as cobalamin, cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme required for various metabolic functions in the body, including fat metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein synthesis. It plays an additional critical roles in hematopoiesis and a major role synthesizing and maintaining myelin in the central and peripheral nervous system. text/html 2022-02-19T02:43:16-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/wernicke-korsakoff?rev=1645267396&do=diff Wernicke Encephalopathy and Korsakoff Syndrome Primer Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, commonly found in chronic alcoholism. This primarily alcohol-induced disorder is characterized by amnesia, confabulation, disorientation, and neurological findings. WKS occurs due to necrotic lesions to the mammillary bodies, thalamus, and brainstem. The syndrome itself consists of 2 components:  text/html 2024-07-18T18:04:29-0700 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://www.psychdb.com/cl/wilsons-disease?rev=1721351069&do=diff Wilson's Disease Primer Wilson's Disease (Wilson Disease) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in copper build up in the brain and liver. There are both neuropsychiatric and GI/hepatic signs and symptoms. Epidemiology * Wilson's disease occurs in about 1 in 30,000 people.