Differences

Last edited on June 25, 2023

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- geri:parkinsons [on September 8, 2022]
psychdb [Classic Motor]
+++ geri:parkinsons [on March 29, 2023]
psychdb ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 ===== Signs and Symptoms =====
 ==== Prodrome ====
-  * Often, patients may have prodromal symptoms that occur decades before the classic symptoms present. This includes [[sleep:parasomnias:rls|restless legs]], [[sleep:parasomnias:2-rem-sleep-disorder:home|REM sleep behaviour disorders]] (always think about Parkinson's or Lewy Body Dementia in the patients!), autonomic dysfunction, [[sleep:breathing:1-osa|obstructive sleep apnea]], and late onset [[mood:1-depression:home|depression]]. Loss of smell (hyposmia) is an important preclinical sign of PD as well.[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15293269/|Ponsen, M. M., Stoffers, D., Booij, J., van Eck‐Smit, B. L., Wolters, E. C., & Berendse, H. W. (2004). Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 56(2), 173-181.]])]
+  * Often, patients may have prodromal symptoms that occur decades before the classic symptoms present. This includes [[sleep:rls|restless legs]], [[sleep:parasomnias:2-rem-sleep-disorder:home|REM sleep behaviour disorders]] (always think about Parkinson's or Lewy Body Dementia in the patients!), autonomic dysfunction, [[sleep:breathing:1-osa|obstructive sleep apnea]], and late onset [[mood:1-depression:home|depression]]. Loss of smell (hyposmia) is an important preclinical sign of PD as well.[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15293269/|Ponsen, M. M., Stoffers, D., Booij, J., van Eck‐Smit, B. L., Wolters, E. C., & Berendse, H. W. (2004). Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology: Official Journal of the American Neurological Association and the Child Neurology Society, 56(2), 173-181.]])]
   * Early signs of Parkinson's may include:[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891710/|Fénelon, G., Soulas, T., Zenasni, F., & De Langavant, L. C. (2010). The changing face of Parkinson's disease‐associated psychosis: a cross‐sectional study based on the new NINDS‐NIMH criteria. Movement Disorders, 25(6), 763-766.]])]
     * Visual illusions (misinterpretations of a real external stimulus )
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 ==== Motor ====
   * The classic motor features of PD include rigidity, asymmetric resting tremors, bradykinesia, shuffling gait (festination, falls, block turn, freezing), and postural instability. In addition, patients may develop hypophonia (soft/hoarse voice), dysphagia, and drooling, micrographia, and seborrhea. As the disease progresses, patients may developing orthostatic hypotension due to progressive destruction of dopaminergic neurons.
-  * Patients may also report a general "slowing down" of their day-to-day movements, and have difficulty getting or rolling out of bed in the mornings. Frozen shoulder, either on one or both sides can be an early sign of Parkinson's.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032658/|Riley, D., Lang, A. E., Blair, R. D., Birnbaum, A., & Reid, B. (1989). Frozen shoulder and other shoulder disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 52(1), 63-66.]])]
+  * Patients may also report a general "slowing down" of their day-to-day movements, and have difficulty getting or rolling out of bed in the mornings. Frozen shoulder, either on one or both sides, can also be an early sign of Parkinson's.[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1032658/|Riley, D., Lang, A. E., Blair, R. D., Birnbaum, A., & Reid, B. (1989). Frozen shoulder and other shoulder disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 52(1), 63-66.]])]