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geri:stroke [on August 17, 2023]
psychdb 		geri:stroke [on August 17, 2023]
psychdb
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 For a detailed approach to diagnosing, managing, and follow up of stroke presentations,​ see the above main article. For a detailed approach to diagnosing, managing, and follow up of stroke presentations,​ see the above main article.
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 ===== Post-stroke Depression (PSD) ===== ===== Post-stroke Depression (PSD) =====
 <alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​ <alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​
 See main article: **[[mood:​1-depression:​post-stroke|]]** See main article: **[[mood:​1-depression:​post-stroke|]]**
 </​alert>​ </​alert>​
-==== Epidemiology ==== + 
-  * Following a stroke, the onset of depression ​is acute, usually occurring within 1 day or a few days of the cerebrovascular accident (CVA).[(American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA.)]+  * Following a stroke, the onset of depression ​can be acute, usually occurring within 1 day or a few days of the cerebrovascular accident (CVA).[(American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA.)]
   * Approximately 33% of stroke survivors develop PSD at some point, with the frequency being highest in the first year of stroke (and declines thereafter).   * Approximately 33% of stroke survivors develop PSD at some point, with the frequency being highest in the first year of stroke (and declines thereafter).
  
 ===== Pseudobulbar affect ===== ===== Pseudobulbar affect =====
-<alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​See main article: **[[teaching:​pseudobulbar-affect|]]**</​alert>​+<alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​ 
 +See main article: **[[teaching:​pseudobulbar-affect|]]** 
 +</​alert>​ 
 **Pseudobulbar affect (PBA)** (also known as emotional lability, reflex crying or laughing, emotional incontinence,​ and involuntary emotional expression disorder) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome common in neurological disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s,​ traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, dementia, Wilson’s disease, and brain tumors. PBA is //not// a mood disorder, but rather an abnormal display of affect that does not match an individual’s true (internal) feelings. **Pseudobulbar affect (PBA)** (also known as emotional lability, reflex crying or laughing, emotional incontinence,​ and involuntary emotional expression disorder) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome common in neurological disorders including stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s,​ traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, dementia, Wilson’s disease, and brain tumors. PBA is //not// a mood disorder, but rather an abnormal display of affect that does not match an individual’s true (internal) feelings.