- Last edited on February 15, 2021
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teaching:behavioural-modification [on April 30, 2020] |
teaching:behavioural-modification [on February 15, 2021] |
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**Behavioural Modification** is a therapeutic and treatment approach designed to change a undesirable negative behaviour. By using a system of positive or negative consequences, an individual learns the correct set of responses for any given stimulus. | **Behavioural Modification** is a therapeutic and treatment approach designed to change a undesirable negative behaviour. By using a system of positive or negative consequences, an individual learns the correct set of responses for any given stimulus. | ||
+ | ===== Classical Conditioning ===== | ||
+ | Classical Conditioning is a type of learning where a natural. involuntary response (e.g. - salivation) is elicited by a conditioned (or sometimes called //learned//) stimulus (e.g. - a bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. - food). The classic example is of Pavlov conditioning his dogs to salivate upon hearing a bell ringing. Typically, classical conditioning elicits //involuntary// responses. | ||
===== Operant Conditioning ===== | ===== Operant Conditioning ===== | ||
- | ===== Reinforcement ===== | + | **Operant conditioning** is a type of learning where a specific action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward. Operant conditioning was first described by behavioural scientist B.F. Skinner. In contrast to classical conditioning, operant conditioning usually elicits voluntary responses. |
- | Reinforcement wants to cause an increase in a behaviour | + | |
- | ^ Positive Reinforcement ^ Negative Reinforcement ^ | + | ==== Summary ==== |
- | | Child does dishes | Child does dishes to avoid nagging by mother | | + | <panel type="info" title="Skinner Operant Conditioning" subtitle="" no-body="true" footer=""> |
- | | You encourage the child (positive stimulus) | Mother's nagging goes away (takes away a negative stimulus) | | + | ^ ^ Increase behavior ^ Decrease behavior ^ |
+ | ^ Add stimulus | Positive reinforcement | Positive punishment | | ||
+ | ^ Take away stimulus | Negative reinforcement | Negative punishment | | ||
+ | </panel> | ||
- | ===== Punishment ===== | + | ==== Reinforcement ==== |
- | Reinforcement wants to cause a decrease in a behaviour | + | **Always remember:** the goal of reinforcement is to cause an increase in a behaviour (e.g. - you want a child to do more dishes). |
+ | <panel type="info" title="Reinforcement" subtitle="" no-body="true" footer=""> | ||
+ | <mobiletable 1> | ||
+ | | ^ Action ^ Reinforcement ^ | ||
+ | ^ Positive Reinforcement | Child does dishes | You encourage/praise the child (positive stimulus) | | ||
+ | ^ Negative Reinforcement | Child does dishes to avoid nagging by mother | Mother's nagging goes away (takes away an adverse/negative stimulus) | | ||
+ | </mobiletable> | ||
+ | </panel> | ||
- | ^ Positive Punishment ^ Negative Punishment ^ | + | ==== Punishment ==== |
- | | Child bullies another child | Child bullies another child | | + | **Always remember:** the goal of punishment is to cause a decrease in a behaviour (e.g. - you want a child to stop bullying others). |
- | | You reprimand the child (negative stimulus) | You take away a child's toy (reinforcing stimulus removed) | | + | |
+ | <panel type="info" title="Punishment" subtitle="" no-body="true" footer=""> | ||
+ | <mobiletable 1> | ||
+ | ^ ^ Action ^ Negative Punishment ^ | ||
+ | ^ Positive Punishment | Child bullies another child | You reprimand the child (negative stimulus) | | ||
+ | ^ Negative Punishment | Child bullies another child | You take away the child's toy (reinforcing stimulus removed) | | ||
+ | </mobiletable> | ||
+ | </panel> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== Extinction ==== | ||
+ | Extinction is the discontinuation of reinforcement (either positive or negative), which eventually eliminates a behaviour. This can occur in both operant or classical conditioning. | ||
{{tag>non-pharm}} | {{tag>non-pharm}} |