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teaching:biomarkers [on April 12, 2020]
teaching:biomarkers [on October 17, 2023] (current)
psychdb [Depression]
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 ====== History of Psychiatric Biomarkers ====== ====== History of Psychiatric Biomarkers ======
 +{{INLINETOC}}
 ===== Primer ===== ===== Primer =====
-The search for biomarkers to identify has long been the holy-grail of psychiatry. What is the status of the research and where are we now? The advent of the DSM-5 was suppose to be a new chapter in psychiatry where biomarkers and lab tests would aid in the diagnosis and treatment. However, that has not panned out.+**Biomarkers** in psychiatric disorders ​long been the "holy grail" ​of psychiatry. What is the status of the research and where are we now? The advent of the DSM-5 was suppose to be a new chapter in psychiatry where biomarkers and lab tests would aid in the diagnosis and treatment. However, that has not panned out. 
 + 
 +===== Challenges ===== 
 +<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​ 
 +See also: **[[https://​www.sciencedirect.com/​science/​article/​pii/​S2666144621000022|Aftab,​ A., & Sharma, M. (2021). How Not to Think about Biomarkers in Psychiatry: Challenges and Conceptual Pitfalls.]]** 
 +</​alert>​
  
 ===== Depression ===== ===== Depression =====
 +<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​
 +See also: **[[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​23814152/​|Carroll,​ B. J. (2013). Biomarkers in DSM-5: lost in translation. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(7), 676-678.]]**
 +</​alert>​
 +
 +  * [[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​31745238/​|Kennis,​ M., Gerritsen, L., van Dalen, M., Williams, A., Cuijpers, P., & Bockting, C. (2019). Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry, 1-18.]]
 +  * [[https://​awaisaftab.substack.com/​p/​dexamethasone-suppression-test-the|Aftab,​ A. (2023) Dexamethasone Suppression Test - The OG Psychiatric Biomarker]]
 ==== Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) ==== ==== Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) ====
 +  * [[https://​global.oup.com/​academic/​product/​endocrine-psychiatry-9780199737468|Shorter,​ Edward, and Max Fink. Endocrine psychiatry: Solving the riddle of melancholia. Oxford University Press, 2010.]]
 +  * [[https://​www.psychiatrictimes.com/​view/​endocrine-psychiatry-dexamethasone-suppression-test-and-electroconvulsive-therapy|Kellner,​ C. H. (2011). Endocrine psychiatry: the dexamethasone suppression test and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatric Times, 28(3), 57-57.]]
   * [[https://​www.thestar.com/​life/​health_wellness/​2014/​11/​04/​the_severe_form_of_depression_you_may_not_know_about.html|Toronto Star: The severe form of depression you may not know about]]   * [[https://​www.thestar.com/​life/​health_wellness/​2014/​11/​04/​the_severe_form_of_depression_you_may_not_know_about.html|Toronto Star: The severe form of depression you may not know about]]
-  * [[https://​global.oup.com/​academic/​product/​endocrine-psychiatry-9780199737468?​cc=id&​lang=en&​|Shorter,​ Edward, and Max Fink. Endocrine psychiatry: Solving the riddle of melancholia. Oxford University Press, 2010.]] 
  
 ===== Schizophrenia ===== ===== Schizophrenia =====
-[[https://​www.hindawi.com/​journals/​dm/​2013/​510402/​|Cynthia S. Weickert, Thomas WWeickert, Anil Pillai, and Peter F. Buckley, ​“Biomarkers in Schizophrenia:​ A Brief Conceptual Consideration,​” Disease Markers, vol. 35, no. 1, Article ID 510402, 7 pages, 2013. ]]+  * [[https://​www.hindawi.com/​journals/​dm/​2013/​510402/​|Cynthia S. Weickert ​et al. “Biomarkers in Schizophrenia:​ A Brief Conceptual Consideration,​” Disease Markers, vol. 35, no. 1, Article ID 510402, 7 pages, 2013. ]]
  
 +===== Actual Biomarkers =====
 +There are in fact already validated "​biomarkers"​ in psychiatry for several neuropsychiatric disorders, including:
 +  * [[child:​genetic-disorders:​digeorge-syndrome-22q11.2-22q-deletion|]] and its association with schizophrenia
 +  * [[sleep:​4-narcolepsy|]] and the hypocretin (orexin) deficiency on CSF
 +  * Dementias such as [[geri:​dementia:​alzheimers|]] and [[geri:​dementia:​creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd|]]
 ===== Resources ===== ===== Resources =====