Differences

Last edited on June 23, 2020

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- teaching:history [on June 23, 2020]
+++ teaching:history [on January 27, 2024] (current)
psychdb
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{INLINETOC}}
 ===== Primer =====
-Understanding the **History of Psychiatry** is important for all physicians to understand. Progress in mental health care has not always been in a straight line, and patients have also suffered because of this. Understanding how treatments and views of mental illness inform care today is important for physicians to appropriately provide treatment.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The **History of Psychiatry** is important for all physicians to understand. Progress in mental health care has not always been in a straight line, and patients have also suffered because of this (e.g. - lobotomy and indiscriminate use of ECT). Understanding historical treatments and views of mental illness informs the care we provide today, and is important for all physicians.
-==== Psychiatry as a Medical Discipline ====
+</WRAP>
-What is psychiatry? It is a medical specialty that has been vilified and misunderstood. It is one of the last fields of medicine that remains in many ways still in the dark ages in terms of knowledge and understanding. Yet it is also the humanizing specialty, one of the few where the patient-doctor relationship remains critical. But it is also a specialty that has been torn apart by its own practitioners, between barbaric practices like lobotomy that were performed with benevolent intent, to the ongoing struggle to define what mental illness is. A good psychiatrist requires a [[teaching:biopsychosocial-case-formulation|biopsychosocial]] approach. Knowing pharmacology is not enough, because medications alone do not solve the problem. All treatments need a combination of biological, social, psychological, and behaviourial interventions.
+<WRAP half column>
-==== History ====
+<HTML>
-  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215968/|Kendler, K. S. (2019). From many to one to many—the search for causes of psychiatric illness. JAMA psychiatry, 76(10), 1085-1091.]]
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div>
+<a href="https://amzn.to/48RMkhI" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_shorter.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/48RMkhI" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
-<callout type="default">//“Normal is a setting on a washing machine.”// ― Christopher Barzak</callout>
+===== History =====
-===== Canadian Psychiatry =====
+<alert type="info" icon="fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">
-==== Ontario ====
+See also:
-  * http://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/the-secrets-of-oak-ridge-1.3471852?autoplay=true
+  * **[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26833596/|Kendler, K. S. (2016). The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 5-12.]]**
-  * [[https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/patients-rally-to-support-doctor/article1033071/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com&|Globe and Mail: Patients rally to support doctor (August 2001)]]
+  * **[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215968/|Kendler, K. S. (2019). From many to one to many—the search for causes of psychiatric illness. JAMA psychiatry, 76(10), 1085-1091.]]**
-  * [[https://historyexhibit.waypointcentre.ca/exhibits/show/treatment/or-program|Remembering Oak Ridge Digital Archive and Exhibit]]
+</alert>
-  * [[http://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/CAMH_redevelopment/history_of_queen_street_site/Pages/CAMH-Historical-Timeline-slideshow.aspx|CAMH Historical Timeline slideshow]]
-  * [[https://thewalrus.ca/the-new-normal/|The Walrus: The New Normal]]
-==== British Columbia ====
+<WRAP group>
-  * https://pasttensevancouver.wordpress.com/tag/j-ross-maclean/
+<WRAP half column>
-  * http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/hollywood-hospital-new-westminster-b-c
+<callout>
+//"Imagine turning the clock back ten thousand years and allowing human civilization to again develop agriculture, writing, science, medicine, and, finally, something resembling psychiatry. Then we wait till this psychiatry‐like discipline decides to write a diagnostic manual and we get a copy of this manual. We then repeat this experiment 100 times and classify the resulting categories alongside our current DSM‐5 and ICD‐10. What will we find? My intuition (and those of many with whom I have shared this thought experiment) is that a substantial proportion of our current categories will not be represented reliably in these manuals. Unlike the elements in the periodic table, our current menu of psychiatric disorders would not likely be consistently rediscovered."//
+\\ \\
+-- Kenneth S. Kendler[([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780286/|Kendler, K. S. (2016). The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 5-12.]])]
+</callout>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<HTML>
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div><a href="https://amzn.to/47V4Swl" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="
+https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_harrington.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/47V4Swl" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
-===== Mission Creep =====
+==== Neurosis ====
-  * [[http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)62015-7.pdf]]
+<alert type="info" icon="fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">
-  * [[http://www.viha.ca/NR/rdonlyres/A762A560-9A8F-478D-A40C-0332CCCFFDCD/0/20150527PsychiatryforumThefailedpromiseofmodernpsychiatry.pdf]]
+See also: **[[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2888013/|Horwitz, A. V. (2010). How an age of anxiety became an age of depression. The Milbank Quarterly, 88(1), 112-138.]]**
-  * [[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0004867416675036?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed]]
+</alert>
+==== Psychiatry and Neurology ====
+  * [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478930/|Fitzgerald, M. (2015). Do psychiatry and neurology need a close partnership or a merger?. BJPsych bulletin, 39(3), 105-107.]]
+  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986119/|Martin J. B. (2002). The integration of neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience in the 21st century. The American journal of psychiatry, 159(5), 695–704.]]
+  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26054985/|Torous, J., Stern, A. P., Padmanabhan, J. L., Keshavan, M. S., & Perez, D. L. (2015). A proposed solution to integrating cognitive-affective neuroscience and neuropsychiatry in psychiatry residency training: the time is now. Asian journal of psychiatry, 17, 116-121.]]
+==== Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ====
+<alert icon="fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="success">See main article: **[[teaching:1-history-of-dsm|]]**</alert>
+==== Mental Health vs. Mental Illness ====
+  * [[https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j4305|Arie, S. (2017). Simon Wessely:“Every time we have a mental health awareness week my spirits sink”. BMJ, 358, j4305.]]
+  * [[https://mentalillnesspolicy.org/what-mental-health-advocates-teach-during-mental-health-awareness-month-is-all-wrong/| Mental Illness Policy Org: What Mental Health Advocates Teach During Mental Health Awareness Month is All Wrong]]
+  * [[https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/6/e024265|Tikkinen, K. A., Rutanen, J., Frances, A., Perry, B. L., Dennis, B. B., Agarwal, A., ... & Guyatt, G. H. (2019). Public, health professional and legislator perspectives on the concept of psychiatric disease: a population-based survey. BMJ open, 9(6), e024265.]]
+  * [[https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l1508/rr-3|Iacobucci, G. (2019). NHS prescribed record number of antidepressants last year. Bmj, 364.]]
+==== Diagnostic Fads ====
+<alert icon="fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="success">See main article: **[[teaching:cognitive-bias-misdiagnosis-overdiagnosis|]]**</alert>
+**Diagnostic Fads** in psychiatry are a recurring theme, due to limitations of diagnosing based on subjective symptoms and the lack of reliable [[teaching:biomarkers|biomarkers]].[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165101/|Shorter, E. (2013). Psychiatry and fads: Why is this field different from all other fields?. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(10), 555-559.]])][([[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/normality-endangered-species-psychiatric-fads-and-overdiagnosis|Frances, A. (2010). Normality is an endangered species: Psychiatric fads and overdiagnosis. Psychiatric Times, 35(5).]])] Recent diagnostic fads include: [[child:disruptive-impulsive:dmdd|pediatric bipolar disorder]] and [[dissociative-disorders:did|multiple personality disorder]].[([[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24165102/|Paris, J. (2013). Why is psychiatry prone to fads?. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(10), 560-565.]])]
+===== What is a Mental Disorder? =====
+<callout type="default">
+//“Normal is a setting on a washing machine.”// ― Christopher Barzak
+</callout>
+==== Biological Psychiatry and "Chemical Imbalance" ====
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/psychiatrys-new-brain-mind-and-legend-chemical-imbalance|Pies, R. (2011). Psychiatry’s new brain-mind and the legend of the “chemical imbalance.”. Psychiatric Times, 11, 1.]]
+  * [[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/07/the-assault-on-antidepressants/485588/|The Atlantic: The Assault on Antidepressants]]
+  * [[https://eiko-fried.com/all-mental-disorders-are-brain-disorders-not|Eiko Fried: All mental disorders are brain disorders … not]]
+===== Critical Psychiatry =====
+<callout type="info" title="" icon="fa fa-file-video-o">
+  * [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxStiLeXZ4o|YouTube: Philosophy of Psychiatry - Awais Aftab]]
+  * [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bvn6V64poeE|YouTube: Are mental disorders increasing or is the human condition becoming medicalized? Dr. Ralph Lewis]]
+  * [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HwQzbZ_NQM|YouTube: Vincenzo Di Nicola - The Crisis in Psychiatry and The Slow Way Back]]
+</callout>
+**Critical Psychiatry** is a movement within and outside psychiatry that critiques commonly held beliefs in academic psychiatry, such as biological etiologies of mental illness, role of psychiatry in social control, and . Critical psychiatry is not anti-psychiatry, and the positions of critical psychiatrists vary greatly, which makes the term difficult to define. It is also important to note that critical psychiatry is not anti-psychiatry, but there may be individuals who overlap between the two camps.[([[https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2018.38|Middleton, H., & Moncrieff, J. (2019). Critical psychiatry: a brief overview. BJPsych Advances, 25(1), 47-54.]])]
+==== Articles ====
+  * [[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/22/us/thomas-insel-book.html|NYT:The ‘Nation’s Psychiatrist’ Takes Stock, With Frustration]]
+  * [[https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj4mmb/the-movement-against-psychiatry|VICE: The Movement Against Psychiatry]]
+  * [[https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/02/perspectives/psychiatrys-crisis-expectations|Malkomsen, Anders, and Carl Tollef Solberg. "Psychiatry's crisis of expectations." Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening (2022).]]
+  * [[https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2022/02/the-end-of-mental-illness|The New Statesman: Are you mentally ill, or very unhappy? Psychiatrists can’t agree]]
+  * [[https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2018.38|Middleton, Hugh, and Joanna Moncrieff. "Critical psychiatry: a brief overview." BJPsych Advances 25.1 (2019): 47-54.]]
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/weaving-conceptual-and-empirical-work-psychiatry-kenneth-s-kendler-md|Psychiatric Times: Weaving Conceptual and Empirical Work in Psychiatry: Kenneth S. Kendler, MD]]
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/conversations-critical-psychiatry-allen-frances-md|Psychiatric Times: Conversations in Critical Psychiatry: Allen Frances, MD]]
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/impoverishment-psychiatric-knowledge|Psychiatric Times: The Impoverishment of Psychiatric Knowledge]]
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/rise-and-fall-pragmatism-psychiatry|Psychiatric Times: The Rise and Fall of Pragmatism in Psychiatry]]
+  * [[https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/structure-psychiatric-revolutions|Psychiatric Times: The Many Histories of Biological Psychiatry: Anne Harrington, DPhil]]
+  * [[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/mind-fixers-anne-harrington/583228/|Greenberg, G. A. R. Y. (2019). Psychiatry’s incurable hubris. The Atlantic, 30-32.]]
+  * [[https://www.amazon.ca/All-Have-Fear-Psychiatrys-Transformation/dp/0199793751|All We Have to Fear: Psychiatry's Transformation of Natural Anxieties into Mental Disorders]]
+  * [[https://www.madinamerica.com/2017/09/thou-shall-not-criticize-our-drugs/|Mad in America: Thou Shall Not Criticize Our Drugs]]
+==== Influential Thinkers ====
+  * [[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/obituaries/dr-bernard-j-carroll-dead.html|Dr. Bernard J. Carroll, ‘Conscience of Psychiatry,’ Dies at 77]]
+  * [[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/health/keith-conners-dead-psychologist-adhd-diagnosing.html|Keith Conners, Psychologist Who Set Standard for Diagnosing A.D.H.D., Dies at 84]]
+  * [[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/03/science/dr-heather-ashton-dead.html|Dr. Heather Ashton, 90, Dies; Helped People Quit Anxiety Drugs]]
+==== Thought-Provoking Topics ====
+  * [[https://www.ti.ubc.ca/2019/11/04/dr-joanna-moncrieff-what-do-psychiatric-drugs-really-do-and-how-can-we-use-them-rationally/|Therapeutics Initiative: Dr. Joanna Moncrieff: What do psychiatric drugs really do and how can we use them rationally?]]
+  * [[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(20)30416-8/fulltext|Reconceptualising treatment-resistant depression as difficult-to-treat depression]]
+  * [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3305603/|Phillips, J., Frances, A., Cerullo, M. A., Chardavoyne, J., Decker, H. S., First, M. B., ... & Zachar, P. (2012). The six most essential questions in psychiatric diagnosis: a pluralogue part 1: conceptual and definitional issues in psychiatric diagnosis. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 7(1), 1-29.]]
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+<HTML>
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div><a href="https://amzn.to/42i2GxM" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="
+https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_steingard.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/42i2GxM" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<HTML>
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div><a href="https://amzn.to/47QHb8n" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_frances.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/47QHb8n" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+<HTML>
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div><a href="https://amzn.to/42hXha7" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_carlat.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/42hXha7" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<HTML>
+<div id="amazon">
+<div class="ribbon"><i class="fa fa-star"></i> Recommended Reading</div><a href="https://amzn.to/42etb74" target="_blank"><img style="max-width: 50%" border="0" src="
+https://www.psychdb.com/amazon_aff/history_whitaker.jpg" ></a>
+<p>
+<span class="bs-wrap bs-wrap-button" data-btn-type="default" data-btn-size="lg" data-btn-icon="fa fa-amazon"><a href="https://amzn.to/42etb74" rel="nofollow" role="button">Buy on Amazon</a></span>
+</p>
+<small>
+PsychDB is an Amazon Associate and earns from qualifying purchases. Thank you for supporting our site!
+</small>
+</div>
+</HTML>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+==== Critical Neuroscience ====
+  * [[https://aeon.co/ideas/the-lure-of-cool-brain-research-is-stifling-psychotherapy|Aeon: The lure of ‘cool’ brain research is stifling psychotherapy]]
+  * [[https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444343359.ch2|Rose, S. (2012). The need for a critical neuroscience. Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience. Oxford: Blackwell, 53-66.]]
+  * [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5662457/|Traicu, A., & Joober, R. (2017). The value of a skeptical approach to neurosciences in psychiatric training and practice. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience: JPN, 42(6), 363.]]
+==== Mission Creep ====
+  * [[http://www.viha.ca/NR/rdonlyres/A762A560-9A8F-478D-A40C-0332CCCFFDCD/0/20150527PsychiatryforumThefailedpromiseofmodernpsychiatry.pdf|The Failed Promise of Modern Psychiatry]]
+  * [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27803358/|McGorry, P. (2016). Early intervention: Mission cramp versus mission creep?.]]
 ===== Resources =====
-== Books ==
-  * [[https://www.amazon.ca/Happiness-Industry-Government-Business-Well-Being/dp/1781688451|The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold us Well-Being]]
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP third column>
 == Articles ==
   * [[https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Mental+Health%22|Archive.org]]
-  * [[https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/notes-from-psychiatrys-battle-lines|Notes From Psychiatry's Battle Lines]]
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+== Canadian Psychiatry ==
+  * Ontario
+    * [[https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2684717122|The Secrets of Oakridge]]
+    * [[https://historyexhibit.waypointcentre.ca/exhibits/show/treatment/or-program|Remembering Oak Ridge Digital Archive and Exhibit]]
+    * [[http://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/CAMH_redevelopment/history_of_queen_street_site/Pages/CAMH-Historical-Timeline-slideshow.aspx|CAMH Historical Timeline slideshow]]
+    * [[https://thewalrus.ca/the-new-normal/|The Walrus: The New Normal]]
+  * British Columbia
+    * [[https://pasttensevancouver.wordpress.com/tag/j-ross-maclean/|Acid Al]]
+    * [[http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/hollywood-hospital-new-westminster-b-c|Hollywood Hospital (New Westminster, B.C.)]]
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+== Reading ==
+  * [[https://amzn.to/2FbQ1G7|Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia (The International Society for Psychological and Social Approaches to Psychosis Book Series) 1st Edition]]
+  * [[https://www.amazon.ca/Happiness-Industry-Government-Business-Well-Being/dp/1781688451|The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold us Well-Being]]
+  * [[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html|Watters, E. (2010). The Americanization of mental illness. The New York Times, 8.]]
+  * [[https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/notes-from-psychiatrys-battle-lines|Notes From Psychiatry's Battle Lines]]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
 {{tag>history}}