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teaching:pharmaceutical-industry-influence [on June 19, 2020]
teaching:pharmaceutical-industry-influence [on February 1, 2024] (current)
psychdb [Regulatory Capture]
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 ===== Primer ===== ===== Primer =====
-**Pharmaceutical Industry Influence** is an important issue that all psychiatrists ​must be aware of. The pharmaceutical industry and psychiatry have been inextricably tied since the beginning of the psychopharmacology revolution in the 1950s. ​ +**Pharmaceutical Industry Influence** is an important issue that all healthcare providers ​must be aware of. Unforunately,​ there is often little education on this during formal training. In psychiatry, the pharmaceutical industry and psychiatry have been inextricably tied together ​since the beginning of the psychopharmacology revolution in the 1950s. ​It should be noted that pharmaceutical industry ​influence is pervasive ​and not limited ​to psychiatry.
- +
-<callout type="​warning"​ icon="​true">​ +
-When considering the influence of the pharmaceutical industry and the role of medications,​ remember the first maxim in medicine: //Primum non nocere// ("​First, ​to do no harm"​).[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​18441665|Ghaemi,​ S. N. (2008). Toward a Hippocratic psychopharmacology. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 189-196.]])] +
-</​callout>​+
 ===== Opioids ===== ===== Opioids =====
 +<WRAP group>
 +<WRAP half column>
 In the early 1990s, pharmaceutical companies began heavily marketing opioid medications,​ pushing doctors to prescribe opioids and to treat pain as the "fifth vital sign." Even though evidence was beginning to go against this, pharmaceutical companies nonetheless continued to push for heavy marketing of opioids.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC1924634/​|Mularski,​ R. A., White‐Chu,​ F., Overbay, D., Miller, L., Asch, S. M., & Ganzini, L. (2006). Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. Journal of general internal medicine, 21(6), 607-612.]])] As physicians and journals began to accept this marketing, they also began to cite incorrect evidence in prominent medical journals such as the //New England Journal of Medicine//, building misinformation and further driving opioids into the healthcare system.[([[http://​www.nejm.org/​doi/​full/​10.1056/​NEJMc1700150|Leung,​ P. T., Macdonald, E. M., Stanbrook, M. B., Dhalla, I. A., & Juurlink, D. N. (2017). A 1980 letter on the risk of opioid addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(22), 2194-2195.]])] In the early 1990s, pharmaceutical companies began heavily marketing opioid medications,​ pushing doctors to prescribe opioids and to treat pain as the "fifth vital sign." Even though evidence was beginning to go against this, pharmaceutical companies nonetheless continued to push for heavy marketing of opioids.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC1924634/​|Mularski,​ R. A., White‐Chu,​ F., Overbay, D., Miller, L., Asch, S. M., & Ganzini, L. (2006). Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management. Journal of general internal medicine, 21(6), 607-612.]])] As physicians and journals began to accept this marketing, they also began to cite incorrect evidence in prominent medical journals such as the //New England Journal of Medicine//, building misinformation and further driving opioids into the healthcare system.[([[http://​www.nejm.org/​doi/​full/​10.1056/​NEJMc1700150|Leung,​ P. T., Macdonald, E. M., Stanbrook, M. B., Dhalla, I. A., & Juurlink, D. N. (2017). A 1980 letter on the risk of opioid addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(22), 2194-2195.]])]
 +
 +  * [[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​31380932/​|Sharfstein,​ J. M., & Olsen, Y. (2019). Lessons learned from the opioid epidemic. Jama, 322(9), 809-810.]]
 +  * [[https://​journals.sagepub.com/​doi/​10.1177/​17407745221108436|Pappin,​ J., Bavli, I., & Herder, M. (2022). On what basis did Health Canada approve OxyContin in 1996?: A retrospective analysis of regulatory data. Clinical Trials, 17407745221108436.]]
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 ===== Antidepressants ===== ===== Antidepressants =====
 +<WRAP group>
 +<WRAP half column>
 <callout title="​Discoverer of the First Neuroreceptor on SSRIs">"​I am alarmed at the monster that Johns Hopkins neuroscientist Solomon Snyder and I created when we discovered the simple binding assay for drug receptors 25 years ago ... The public is being misinformed about the precision of these selective serotonin-uptake inhibitors when the medical profession oversimplifies their action in the brain and ignores the body as if it exists merely to carry the head around!"​ <callout title="​Discoverer of the First Neuroreceptor on SSRIs">"​I am alarmed at the monster that Johns Hopkins neuroscientist Solomon Snyder and I created when we discovered the simple binding assay for drug receptors 25 years ago ... The public is being misinformed about the precision of these selective serotonin-uptake inhibitors when the medical profession oversimplifies their action in the brain and ignores the body as if it exists merely to carry the head around!"​
 \\ \\ \\ \\
 -- Dr. Candace B. Pert (discoverer of the first neuroreceptor,​ the opioid receptor[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC3828549/​|Brady,​ L. S., & Herkenham, M. (2013). Candace B Pert.]])]) Letter to the Editor of TIME Magazine, October 20, 1997</​callout>​ -- Dr. Candace B. Pert (discoverer of the first neuroreceptor,​ the opioid receptor[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC3828549/​|Brady,​ L. S., & Herkenham, M. (2013). Candace B Pert.]])]) Letter to the Editor of TIME Magazine, October 20, 1997</​callout>​
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 ==== Unpublished Data ==== ==== Unpublished Data ====
-  ​* [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​18199864|Turner,​ E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2008). Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(3), 252-260.]]+<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​ 
 +See also: **[[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​18199864|Turner,​ E. H., Matthews, A. M., Linardatos, E., Tell, R. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2008). Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(3), 252-260.]]** 
 +</​alert>​
  
 ==== Paroxetine ==== ==== Paroxetine ====
-  * Independent ​analysis of [[https://​www.ti.ubc.ca/​2016/​11/​22/​101-study-329-important/​|Study 329]] demonstrated serious harms and a lack of efficacy ​for acute and longer-term use of paroxetine and imipramine ​for adolescents with major depression. +  * An independent re-analysis of [[https://​www.ti.ubc.ca/​2016/​11/​22/​101-study-329-important/​|Study 329]] found that paroxetine ​demonstrated serious harms and a lack of efficacy for adolescents with major depression.[([[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​26376805/​|Le NouryJ., Nardo, J. M., Healy, D., Jureidini, J., Raven, M., Tufanaru, C., & Abi-Jaoude, E. (2015). Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine ​and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescenceBmj, 351.]])]
-  * This example of the RIAT initiative reveals that the current methods of trial conductanalysis and publication are unacceptable. +
-  * Published conclusions about efficacy and safety ​of drugs without independent analysis cannot be accepted as trustworthy. +
-  * It is essential that primary trial data and protocols for all clinical trials be made available for independent analysis.+
  
 +==== Whistleblowers ====
 +<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​
 +See also: **[[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC449801/​|Lenzer,​ J. (2004). Whistleblower charges medical oversight bureau with corruption.]]**
 +</​alert>​
 + 
 ===== Stimulants ===== ===== Stimulants =====
 +<alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​See also: **[[child:​adhd#​overdiagnosis|ADHD:​ Overdiagnosis]]**</​alert>​
 +
 +<callout title="​Father of Modern Conceptualization of ADHD on Current Diagnosis and Treatment of the Condition">​
 +//"The numbers make it look like an epidemic. Well, it’s not. It’s preposterous ... This is a concoction to justify the giving out of medication at unprecedented and unjustifiable levels."​
 +//\\ \\
 +-- [[https://​www.bmj.com/​content/​358/​bmj.j2253|Dr. Keith Conners]],​[([[https://​www.bmj.com/​content/​358/​bmj.j2253|Frances,​ A., & Carroll, B. J. (2017). Keith Conners. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 358.]])] child psychologist and father of the modern conceptualization of ADHD. (From: [[https://​www.nytimes.com/​2013/​12/​15/​health/​the-selling-of-attention-deficit-disorder.html|New York Times: The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder]])
 +</​callout>​
 +
 +===== Second Generation Antipsychotics =====
 +<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​
 +For a critical look at industry suppression of side effects from olanzapine and quetiapine, and marketing tactics, see:
 +  * **[[https://​link.springer.com/​article/​10.1007/​s11673-010-9208-8|Spielmans,​ G. I., & Parry, P. I. (2010). From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: evidence from internal industry documents. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 7(1), 13-29.]]**
 +</​alert>​
 +
 +==== Olanzapine ====
 +The advent of second-generation antipsychotics led to concerns that it placed patients at an increased risk for metabolic syndrome. These concerns were initially played off and attributed to an innate risk between diabetes and schizophrenia.[([[http://​bjp.rcpsych.org/​content/​184/​47|Kohen,​ D. (2004). Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia:​ historical perspective. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(47), s64-s66.]])] However, evidence continued to increase, and there have been multiple lawsuits in the US over Eli Lilly'​s lack of disclosure over the metabolic side effects of olanzapine.[([[http://​www.nytimes.com/​2007/​01/​05/​business/​05drug.html|NYT:​ Lilly Settles With 18,000 Over Zyprexa]])]
 +
 +==== Quetiapine ====
 <WRAP group> <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column> <WRAP half column>
-<alert icon="​fa fa-arrow-circle-right fa-lg fa-fw" type="​success">​See also**[[child:adhd#​overdiagnosis|ADHD: Overdiagnosis]]**</​alert>​+Seroquel was initially approved only for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but its off-label use became pervasive, from depression to insomnia to ADHD. It reached up to $4.5 billion in sales during its height, and became one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the world. A major lawsuit was fought over whether weight gain data was hidden from physicians and patients by AstraZeneca.[([[https://​www.cbsnews.com/​news/​seroquel-trial-allegations-of-sex-for-secrets-az-wants-papers-sealed/​|CBS NewsSeroquel Trial: Allegations of Sex-for-Secrets;​ AZ Wants Papers Sealed]])][([[http://​psychrights.org/​research/​digest/​nlps/​Seroquel/​090303Docs/​Gen.%20Cause%20Resp.%20Ex%202.pdf|Seroquel Products Liability Litigation (UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA ORLANDO DIVISION) MDL DOCKET NO. 1769]])]
 </​WRAP>​ </​WRAP>​
 <WRAP half column> <WRAP half column>
-<​callout ​title="​Father of ADHD on Current Diagnosis and Treatment of the Condition"​+<​callout>​ 
-"​The ​numbers make it look like an epidemicWell, it’s notIt’s preposterous ... This is a concoction to justify the giving out of medication at unprecedented and unjustifiable levels."+//"​The ​larger issue is how do we face the outside world when they begin to criticize us for suppressing data..."//
 \\ \\ \\ \\
--- DrKeith Conners[([[https://​www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j2253|FrancesA., & CarrollBJ. (2017). Keith ConnersBMJ: British Medical ​Journal (Online), 358.]])], child psychologist and father of the modern view of ADHD. [[https://​www.nytimes.com/​2013/​12/​15/​health/​the-selling-of-attention-deficit-disorder.html|New York Times: The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder]] +-- AstraZeneca publications manager (Internal email, December 1999).[([[https://​link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11673-010-9208-8|SpielmansG. I., & ParryPI. (2010). From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: evidence from internal industry documents. Journal ​of Bioethical Inquiry, 7(1), 13-29.]])]
 </​callout>​ </​callout>​
 </​WRAP>​ </​WRAP>​
 </​WRAP>​ </​WRAP>​
 +==== Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ====
 +<alert type="​info"​ icon="​fa fa-book fa-lg fa-fw">​
 +See also: **[[http://​blogs.nature.com/​news/​2011/​07/​harvard_scientists_disciplined.html|Sarchet,​ P. (2011). Harvard scientists disciplined for not declaring ties to drug companies. Nature News Blog.]]**
 +</​alert>​
  
-===== Second Generation Antipsychotics ===== 
-==== Olanzapine ==== 
-The advent of second-generation antipsychotics lead to concerns that it placed patients at an increased risk for metabolic syndrome. These concerns were initially played off and attributed to an innate risk between diabetes and schizophrenia.[([[http://​bjp.rcpsych.org/​content/​184/​47|Kohen,​ D. (2004). Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia:​ historical perspective. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(47), s64-s66.]])] However, evidence continued to increase, and there have been multiple law suits in the US since then regarding the metabolic side effects.[([[http://​www.nytimes.com/​2007/​01/​05/​business/​05drug.html|NYT:​ Lilly Settles With 18,000 Over Zyprexa]])] 
  
-==== Quetiapine ​==== +===== Cardiac Medications ===== 
-Seroquel was initially approved only for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but its off-label use became pervasive, from depression to insomnia to ADHD. It reached up to $4.5 billion in sales during its height, and became one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the world. A major lawsuit was fought over whether weight gain data was hidden from physicians and patients by AstraZeneca.[([[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/​seroquel-trial-allegations-of-sex-for-secrets-az-wants-papers-sealed/|CBS News: Seroquel Trial: Allegations of Sex-for-Secrets;​ AZ Wants Papers Sealed]])][([[http://​psychrights.org/​research/​digest/​nlps/​Seroquel/​090303Docs/​Gen.%20Cause%20Resp.%20Ex%202.pdf|Seroquel Products Liability Litigation ​(UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA ORLANDO DIVISIONMDL DOCKET NO1769]])]+  ​* ​[[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20154334/|Nissen, SE. (2010). The rise and fall of rosiglitazone.]]
  
-==== Pediatric Bipolar Disorder ​==== +===== Cancer Medicine ===== 
-  * [[http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/harvard_scientists_disciplined.html|Sarchet, P. (2011). Harvard scientists disciplined for not declaring ties to drug companies. Nature ​News Blog.]] +<WRAP group> 
-===== Regulatory Capture ===== +<WRAP half column> 
-  * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12433532|Abraham,​ J. (2002)The pharmaceutical industry as political player. The Lancet, 360(9344), 1498-1502.]]+  * [[https://www.statnews.com/2019/10/30/​cancer-growing-in-cancer-medicine-pharma-money-doctors/|STAT News: The ‘cancer growing in cancer medicine’:​ pharma money paid to doctors]] 
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-===== Clinical Practice Guidelines ​===== +===== The Olivieri Affair ​===== 
-  * [[https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/23/E617|ElderK., TurnerKA., Cosgrove, L., LexchinJ., Shnier, A., MooreA.... & Thombs, BD. (2020). Reporting of financial conflicts of interest by Canadian clinical practice guideline producers: a descriptive study. CMAJ, 192(23), E617-E625.]]+  * [[https://jme.bmj.com/content/30/1/1|ViensA. M., & SavulescuJ(2004)Introduction to the Olivieri symposiumJournal of Medical Ethics30(1)1-7.]] 
 + 
 +===== The David Healy Affair ===== 
 +  * [[https://​www.cmaj.ca/​content/​164/​13/​1879.1|Silversides, A. (2001). Hospital denies that withdrawal of MD's job offer was related to drug-company funding. Canadian Medical Association. Journal164(13)1879.]] 
 +  * [[https://​www.pharmapolitics.com/|The David Healy Affair]] 
 +  * [[https://​www.theguardian.com/​education/​2002/​may/​21/​internationaleducationnews.mentalhealth|The Guardian: Bitter pill]] 
 +===== Advertising ===== 
 +  * [[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​28912143/​|Lexchin,​ J. (2017). The relation between promotional spending on drugs and their therapeutic gain: a cohort analysis. CMAJ open5(3), E724.]] 
 + 
 +===== Regulatory Capture ===== 
 +<WRAP group> 
 +<WRAP half column>​ 
 +**Regulatory capture** is an economic theory that describes how regulatory agencies (such as the Federal Drug Administration) may come to be dominated by the interests (pharmaceutical companies) they regulate and not by the public interest. The result is that the agency instead acts in ways that benefit the industry it is supposed to be regulating.
  
-===== Reform ===== 
 <​callout>​“It is simply no longer possible to believe much of the clinical research that is published, or to rely on the judgment of trusted physicians or authoritative medical guidelines. I take no pleasure in this conclusion, which I reached slowly and reluctantly over my two decades as an editor of The New England Journal of Medicine."​ <​callout>​“It is simply no longer possible to believe much of the clinical research that is published, or to rely on the judgment of trusted physicians or authoritative medical guidelines. I take no pleasure in this conclusion, which I reached slowly and reluctantly over my two decades as an editor of The New England Journal of Medicine."​
 \\ \\ \\ \\
 -- //Dr. Marcia Angell, Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption//</​callout>​ -- //Dr. Marcia Angell, Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption//</​callout>​
  
 +  * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​12433532|Abraham,​ J. (2002). The pharmaceutical industry as a political player. The Lancet, 360(9344), 1498-1502.]]
 +  * [[https://​www.transparimed.org/​single-post/​antidepressants|TranspariMED:​ Opinion: Regulators are approving drugs without clear evidence that they work]]
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 +
 +===== Clinical Practice Guidelines =====
 +  * [[https://​www.cmaj.ca/​content/​192/​23/​E617|Elder,​ K., Turner, K. A., Cosgrove, L., Lexchin, J., Shnier, A., Moore, A., ... & Thombs, B. D. (2020). Reporting of financial conflicts of interest by Canadian clinical practice guideline producers: a descriptive study. CMAJ, 192(23), E617-E625.]]
 +  * [[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​30885967/​|Jatoi,​ I., & Sah, S. (2019). Clinical practice guidelines and the overuse of health care services: need for reform. CMAJ, 191(11), E297-E298.]]
 +===== Conflicts of Interest =====
 +  * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC4430107/​|Freedman,​ R., Lewis, D. A., Michels, R., Pine, D. S., Schultz, S. K., Tamminga, C. A., ... & Carter, C. S. (2009). Conflict of interest—an issue for every psychiatrist. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(3), 274-274.]]
 +  * [[https://​www.theglobeandmail.com/​news/​national/​the-pressure-of-big-pharma-financial-conflicts-of-interest-common-on-medical-guidelinepanels/​article35389639/​|The Globe and Mail: The pressure of Big Pharma]]
 +  * [[https://​jamanetwork.com/​journals/​jamasurgery/​fullarticle/​2696610|Ziai,​ K., Pigazzi, A., Smith, B. R., Nouri-Nikbakht,​ R., Nepomuceno, H., Carmichael, J. C., ... & Jafari, M. D. (2018). Association of compensation from the surgical and medical device industry to physicians and self-declared conflict of interest. JAMA surgery, 153(11), 997-1002.]]
 +  * [[https://​jamanetwork.com/​journals/​jama/​fullarticle/​2759201|Rubin,​ R. (2020). Backlash over meat dietary recommendations raises questions about corporate ties to nutrition scientists. Jama, 323(5), 401-404.]]
  
  
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   * [[https://​www.nytimes.com/​2019/​05/​11/​opinion/​sunday/​generic-drugs-safety.html|NYT:​ Americans Need Generic Drugs. But Can They Trust Them?]]   * [[https://​www.nytimes.com/​2019/​05/​11/​opinion/​sunday/​generic-drugs-safety.html|NYT:​ Americans Need Generic Drugs. But Can They Trust Them?]]
   * [[https://​globalnews.ca/​news/​5769443/​big-pharma-paying-doctors-hospitals/​|GlobalNews:​ Big pharma paid $151M to doctors, hospitals in 2017-18, but we don’t know who got paid or why]]   * [[https://​globalnews.ca/​news/​5769443/​big-pharma-paying-doctors-hospitals/​|GlobalNews:​ Big pharma paid $151M to doctors, hospitals in 2017-18, but we don’t know who got paid or why]]
 +  * [[https://​www.medscape.com/​viewarticle/​969996|Why I Left the Pharmaceutical Industry After '​Leaving'​ Academia for Pharma (Nassir Ghaemi, MD, MPH)]]
 </​WRAP>​ </​WRAP>​
  
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 <WRAP quarter column> <WRAP quarter column>
 ==== Books ==== ==== Books ====
-  * [[https://​www.amazon.com/Psychiatry-Under-Influence-Institutional-Prescriptions/​dp/​113750692X/​ref=sr_1_1|Psychiatry Under the Influence: Institutional CorruptionSocial ​Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform. Whitaker, R.]] +  * [[https://​www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/​institutional-corruption-and-social-justice-psychiatry|PsychiatricTimes: Institutional Corruption ​and Social ​Justice in Psychiatry]]
 </​WRAP>​ </​WRAP>​
 <WRAP quarter column> <WRAP quarter column>
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   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​18441665|Ghaemi,​ S. N. (2008). Toward a Hippocratic psychopharmacology. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 189-196.]]   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​18441665|Ghaemi,​ S. N. (2008). Toward a Hippocratic psychopharmacology. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 189-196.]]
   * [[https://​www.bmj.com/​rapid-response/​2011/​11/​03/​paradigm-shift-marketing-based-medicine-evidence-based-medicine|Goodbye PubMed, hello raw data BMJ 2011;​342:​d212]]   * [[https://​www.bmj.com/​rapid-response/​2011/​11/​03/​paradigm-shift-marketing-based-medicine-evidence-based-medicine|Goodbye PubMed, hello raw data BMJ 2011;​342:​d212]]
-  * [[https://​link.springer.com/​article/​10.1007/​s11673-010-9208-8|Spielmans,​ G. I., & Parry, P. I. (2010). From evidence-based medicine to marketing-based medicine: evidence from internal industry documents. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 7(1), 13-29.]] 
   * [[http://​www.bmj.com/​content/​346/​bmj.f2865|Doshi,​ P., Dickersin, K., Healy, D., Vedula, S. S., & Jefferson, T. (2013). Restoring invisible and abandoned trials: a call for people to publish the findings. BMJ, 346, f2865.]]   * [[http://​www.bmj.com/​content/​346/​bmj.f2865|Doshi,​ P., Dickersin, K., Healy, D., Vedula, S. S., & Jefferson, T. (2013). Restoring invisible and abandoned trials: a call for people to publish the findings. BMJ, 346, f2865.]]
   * [[http://​journalofpsychiatryreform.com/​2015/​11/​08/​psychiatry-in-crisis/​|Journal of Psychiatry Reform]]   * [[http://​journalofpsychiatryreform.com/​2015/​11/​08/​psychiatry-in-crisis/​|Journal of Psychiatry Reform]]