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child:genetic-disorders:digeorge-syndrome-22q11.2-22q-deletion [on April 12, 2019]
 child:genetic-disorders:digeorge-syndrome-22q11.2-22q-deletion [on March 4, 2021] (current)
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 ===== Primer ===== ===== Primer =====
-**DiGeorge Syndrome** (also known as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and formerly Velocardiofacial Syndrome) is a syndrome caused by the deletion of a small segment (microdeletion) of chromosome 22. It is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. This microdeletion is also responsible for a 20 to 30 times increased risk for [[psychosis:​schizophrenia-scz|schizophrenia]],​ which equates to 1 in 4 individuals developing schizophrenia. In addition, individuals often have congenital heart problems, facial dysmorphia, developmental delay, learning problems, and cleft palate. Renal impairment, hearing loss, infections, and autoimmune disorders are also common.+**DiGeorge Syndrome** (also known as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and formerly Velocardiofacial Syndrome) is a syndrome caused by the deletion of a small segment (microdeletion) of chromosome 22. It is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. This microdeletion is also responsible for a 20 to 30 times increased risk for [[psychosis:​schizophrenia-scz|schizophrenia]],​ which equates to 1 in 4 individuals developing ​schizophrenia. Thus, 22q11.2 deletion is considered to be the first true molecular genetic subtype of schizophrenia. In addition, individuals often have congenital heart problems, facial dysmorphia, developmental delay, learning problems, and cleft palate. Renal impairment, hearing loss, infections, and autoimmune disorders are also common.
  
 == Epidemiology == == Epidemiology ==
-DiGeorge syndrome has a prevalence of 1 in 4,000 people.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​15823980|Antshel,​ K. M., Kates, W. R., Roizen, N., Fremont, W., & Shprintzen, R. J. (2005). 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: genetics, neuroanatomy and cognitive/​behavioral features keywords. Child Neuropsychology,​ 11(1), 5-19.]])] Individuals are also at a higher risk for early-onset [[geri:​parkinsons|Parkinson'​s Disease]].+  * DiGeorge syndrome has a prevalence of 1 in 4,000 people.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​15823980|Antshel,​ K. M., Kates, W. R., Roizen, N., Fremont, W., & Shprintzen, R. J. (2005). 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: genetics, neuroanatomy and cognitive/​behavioral features keywords. Child Neuropsychology,​ 11(1), 5-19.]])] Individuals are also at a higher risk for early-onset [[geri:​parkinsons|Parkinson'​s Disease]]. 
 + 
 +== Risk Factors == 
 +  * 90% of cases are usually new diagnoses with no identifiable family history. Genetically,​ there is variable expression of the deletion within families, and even between identical twins.
  
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- 
  
 ===== Diagnosis ===== ===== Diagnosis =====
-The diagnosis of DiGeorge Syndrome can be confirmed with various methods of genetic testing, including whole genome array, SNP clinical microarray, comparative genomic hybridization,​ and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). Fluorescence //In Situ// Hybridization (FISH) studies can also find the deletion in most patients. Cytogenetic (chromosome) testing can also be performed. ​+  * The diagnosis of DiGeorge Syndrome can be confirmed with various methods of genetic testing, including whole genome array, SNP clinical microarray, comparative genomic hybridization,​ and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA).' 
 +  * Fluorescence //In Situ// Hybridization (FISH) studies can also find the deletion in most patients. 
 +  * Cytogenetic (chromosome) testing can also be performed. 
 + 
 +==== Clinical Microarray (CMA) ==== 
 +  * A clinical microarray (CMA) is clinically recommended and a first-line test for any individual with intellectual disability, developmental delay and/or multiple congenital anomalies.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC4107681/​|Mefford,​ H. C., Batshaw, M. L., & Hoffman, E. P. (2012). Genomics, intellectual disability, and autism. The New England journal of medicine, 366(8), 733–743.]])][([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC2869000/​|Miller,​ D. T., Adam, M. P., Aradhya, S., Biesecker, L. G., Brothman, A. R., Carter, N. P., Church, D. M., Crolla, J. A., Eichler, E. E., Epstein, C. J., Faucett, W. A., Feuk, L., Friedman, J. M., Hamosh, A., Jackson, L., Kaminsky, E. B., Kok, K., Krantz, I. D., Kuhn, R. M., Lee, C., … Ledbetter, D. H. (2010). Consensus statement: chromosomal microarray is a first-tier clinical diagnostic test for individuals with developmental disabilities or congenital anomalies. American journal of human genetics, 86(5), 749–764.]])] 
 +  * The diagnostic yield is around 10-20%. CMA also has limitations in that it will not detect all genetic conditions. 
 + 
 +==== Signs and Symptoms ==== 
 +  * Individuals with 22q11 deletion often have hypernasal speech, facial features such as a long and narrow face, narrow palpable fissures, flat cheeks, prominent nose, small ears, small mouth, retruded chin, and heart defects.[([[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​28730847/​|Addington,​ D., Abidi, S., Garcia-Ortega,​ I., Honer, W. G., & Ismail, Z. (2017). Canadian guidelines for the assessment and diagnosis of patients with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(9), 594-603.]])]
  
-In practice, a clinical microarray (CMA) is now considered to be a first-line test for individuals with developmental delay who have multiple congenital abnormalities. The diagnostic yield is around 10-20%. However, there are limitations in that it will not detect all genetic conditions. 
 ===== Schizophrenia ===== ===== Schizophrenia =====
-The presentation of [[psychosis:​schizophrenia-scz|schizophrenia]] in individuals with DiGeorge Syndrome is indistinguishable from idiopathic forms of schizophrenia. There is a similar age of onset and prodromal symptoms. Therefore, current guidelines also recommend the same treatment, including with antipsychotics.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​28230630|Van,​ L., Boot, E., & Bassett, A. S. (2017). Update on the 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome and its relevance to schizophrenia. Current opinion in psychiatry, 30(3), 191-196.]])] However, since these patients are at a baseline higher risk of obesity (even without antipsychotic use), there needs to be even more careful monitoring and prevention of metabolic side effects.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​27537705|Voll,​ S. L., Boot, E., Butcher, N. J., Cooper, S., Heung, T., Chow, E. W., ... & Bassett, A. S. (2017). Obesity in adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 19(2), 204.]])]+  * The presentation of [[psychosis:​schizophrenia-scz|schizophrenia]] in individuals with DiGeorge Syndrome is indistinguishable from idiopathic forms of schizophrenia. There is a similar age of onset and prodromal symptoms. Therefore, current guidelines also recommend the same treatment, including with antipsychotics.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​28230630|Van,​ L., Boot, E., & Bassett, A. S. (2017). Update on the 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome and its relevance to schizophrenia. Current opinion in psychiatry, 30(3), 191-196.]])] However, since these patients are at a baseline higher risk of obesity (even without antipsychotic use), there needs to be even more careful monitoring and prevention of metabolic side effects.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​27537705|Voll,​ S. L., Boot, E., Butcher, N. J., Cooper, S., Heung, T., Chow, E. W., ... & Bassett, A. S. (2017). Obesity in adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 19(2), 204.]])] 
 +  * Individuals with DiGeorge syndrome and schizophrenia and typically under-recognized and not diagnosed. The estimated prevalence of schizophrenia patients having DiGeorge, is estimated to be 1 in 100-200 patients.[([[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​20439386/​|Bassett,​ A. S., Scherer, S. W., & Brzustowicz,​ L. M. (2010). Copy number variations in schizophrenia:​ critical review and new perspectives on concepts of genetics and disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 899-914.]])]
  
 <callout type="​danger"​ title="​Antipsychotics Can Mask Early-Onset Parkinson'​s Symptoms in DiGeorge + Schizophrenia Patients"​ icon="​true">​ <callout type="​danger"​ title="​Antipsychotics Can Mask Early-Onset Parkinson'​s Symptoms in DiGeorge + Schizophrenia Patients"​ icon="​true">​
-Individuals with DiGeorge have a higher risk for early-onset [[geri:​parkinsons|Parkinson'​s Disease]].[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​24018986|Butcher,​ N. J., Kiehl, T. R., Hazrati, L. N., Chow, E. W., Rogaeva, E., Lang, A. E., & Bassett, A. S. (2013). Association between early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: identification of a novel genetic form of Parkinson disease and its clinical implications. JAMA neurology, 70(11), 1359-1366.]])] As a result, individuals with concomitant schizophrenia and on long-term antipsychotic treatment may have their emerging Parkinson'​s symptoms masked and mistakenly attributed as [[meds:side-effects:​eps|extrapyramidal symptoms]].+Individuals with DiGeorge have a higher risk for early-onset [[geri:​parkinsons|Parkinson'​s Disease]].[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​24018986|Butcher,​ N. J., Kiehl, T. R., Hazrati, L. N., Chow, E. W., Rogaeva, E., Lang, A. E., & Bassett, A. S. (2013). Association between early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: identification of a novel genetic form of Parkinson disease and its clinical implications. JAMA neurology, 70(11), 1359-1366.]])] As a result, individuals with concomitant schizophrenia and on long-term antipsychotic treatment may have their emerging Parkinson'​s symptoms masked and mistakenly attributed as [[meds:antipsychotics:​eps|extrapyramidal symptoms]].
 </​callout>​ </​callout>​
 +
 ===== Pathophysiology ===== ===== Pathophysiology =====
-The microdeletion in DiGeorge Syndrome is a new mutation (de novo) in almost 90% of cases.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])] There is a highly variable expression with incomplete penetrance.+  * The microdeletion in DiGeorge Syndrome is a new mutation (de novo) in almost 90% of cases.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])] There is a highly variable expression with incomplete penetrance. 
 ===== Investigations ===== ===== Investigations =====
 +
 +==== Bloodwork ====
   * Ionized calcium and PTH should be measured routinely (especially when there are major biological stressors such as a serious medical illness or surgery)[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]   * Ionized calcium and PTH should be measured routinely (especially when there are major biological stressors such as a serious medical illness or surgery)[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]
   * TSH (annually)[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]   * TSH (annually)[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]
 +
 +===== Physical Exam =====
 +  * Congenital heart disease
 +  * Facial dysmorphia and cleft palate
  
 ===== Management and Treatment ===== ===== Management and Treatment =====
-Patients with DiGeorge have complex needs and often require multidisciplinary teams. Clinical practice guidelines have recommended a various investigations and follow ups.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC3197829/​|Bassett,​ A. S., McDonald-McGinn,​ D. M., Devriendt, K., Digilio, M. C., Goldenberg, P., Habel, A., ... & Swillen, A. (2011). Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(2), 332-339.]])][([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]+  * Patients with DiGeorge have complex needs and often require multidisciplinary teams. 
 +  * Clinical practice guidelines have recommended a various investigations and follow ups.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC3197829/​|Bassett, A. S., McDonald-McGinn,​ D. M., Devriendt, K., Digilio, M. C., Goldenberg, P., Habel, A., ... & Swillen, A. (2011). Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(2), 332-339.]])][([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])] 
 + 
 +==== Clozapine ==== 
 +  * Patients with DiGeorge respond to [[meds:​antipsychotics:​second-gen-atypical:​7-clozapine|clozapine]] treatment as well those with non-DiGeorge schizophrenia. 
 +  * However, they may represent an excess of serious adverse events, primarily seizures.[([[https://​pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​25745132/​|Butcher,​ N. J., Fung, W. L. A., Fitzpatrick,​ L., Guna, A., Andrade, D. M., Lang, A. E., ... & Bassett, A. S. (2015). Response to clozapine in a clinically identifiable subtype of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 484-491.]])] 
 +    * Lower doses and prophylactic seizure management strategies can help reduce this risk. 
 +    * Individuals are also at greater risk for neutropenia and myocarditis. 
 + 
 +==== Supplementation ==== 
 +  * Patients should have daily Vitamin D and calcium supplementation.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​21570089|Bassett, A. S., McDonald-McGinn,​ D. M., Devriendt, K., Digilio, M. C., Goldenberg, P., Habel, A., ... & Swillen, A. (2011). Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(2), 332-339.]])][([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])]
  
-== Supplementation == 
-Patients should have daily Vitamin D and calcium supplementation.[([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​21570089|Bassett,​ A. S., McDonald-McGinn,​ D. M., Devriendt, K., Digilio, M. C., Goldenberg, P., Habel, A., ... & Swillen, A. (2011). Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. The Journal of pediatrics, 159(2), 332-339.]])][([[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]])] 
 ===== Resources ===== ===== Resources =====
  
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 ==== For Providers ==== ==== For Providers ====
 +  * **[[https://​www.nature.com/​articles/​nrdp201571|McDonald-McGinn,​ D. M. et al. (2015). 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nature reviews Disease primers, 1(1), 1-19.]]**
   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]]   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​25569435|Fung,​ W. L. A., Butcher, N. J., Costain, G., Andrade, D. M., Boot, E., Chow, E. W., ... & García-Miñaúr,​ S. (2015). Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 17(8), 599.]]
   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​27718271|Bassett,​ A. S., Costain, G., & Marshall, C. R. (2017). Neuropsychiatric aspects of 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: considerations in the prenatal setting. Prenatal diagnosis, 37(1), 61-69.]]   * [[https://​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/​pubmed/​27718271|Bassett,​ A. S., Costain, G., & Marshall, C. R. (2017). Neuropsychiatric aspects of 22q11. 2 deletion syndrome: considerations in the prenatal setting. Prenatal diagnosis, 37(1), 61-69.]]